Emissions Reduction Systems and Methods

ABSTRACT

An internal combustion engine emissions reduction system in which a emissions passing through a second catalyst element having a second catalyst function are mixed with emissions passing through a first catalyst element having a first catalyst function.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Not applicable.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO APPENDIX

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present inventions relate generally to catalytic reaction chambersfor combustion exhaust gases commonly referred to as catalyticconverters.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,120 entitled High-Efficiency Catalytic ConvertersFor Treating Exhaust Gases discloses “[s]everal embodiments ofhigh-efficiency catalytic converters and associated systems and methods[ ]. In one embodiment, a catalytic converter for treating a flow ofexhaust gas comprising a reaction chamber, a heating enclosure enclosingat least a portion of the reaction chamber, and an optional coolantchannel encasing the heating enclosure. The reaction chamber can have afirst end section through which the exhaust gas flows into the reactionchamber and a second end section from which the exhaust gas exits thereaction chamber. The heating enclosure is configured to contain heatedgas along the exterior of the reaction chamber, and the optional coolantchannel is configured to contain a flow of coolant around the heatingenclosure. The catalytic converter can further include a catalyticelement in the reaction chamber.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0018207 entitledExhaust Gas System discloses “[a]n exhaust system for the aftertreatmentof exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, having an annularcatalytic converter which is flowed through by exhaust gas, wherein theannular catalytic converter has an inflow point and an outflow point andthe annular catalytic converter has a tubular first flow path and anannular second flow path which are oriented concentrically with respectto one another and which are flowed through in series, wherein the firstflow path is surrounded to the outside in a radial direction by thesecond flow path, wherein a pipe is led in the radial direction from theoutside through the second flow path, wherein the pipe opens into theannular catalytic converter and the pipe has a radial extent at least asfar as into the inner first flow path.”

U.S. Pat. No. 3,768,982 entitled Catalytic Converter with ElectricallyPreheated Catalyst discloses “[h]eat from an electric heater istransferred conductively through a monolithic support to a catalystlocated on the surfaces of the monolithic support. Engine exhaust gasespassing through the monolithic support contact the heated catalyst,which assists in converting undesirable components of the exhaust gasesinto less harmful components. Supplemental air is supplied to theexhaust gases from an annular distributing space located at theconverter inlet.”

The inventions disclosed herein are directed to improved high efficiencycatalyst-based emission reduction systems and methods of use.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS

While not all aspects of my inventions disclosed herein will besummarized, a brief summary of one aspect of my inventions includes aninternal combustion engine emission reduction system comprising a firstcatalyst element configured for oxidizing catalytic reactions, a secondcatalyst element configured for reduction catalytic reactions, andconfigured to direct a portion of exhaust that has been reacted by thefirst or first and second catalyst elements back through the firstcatalyst element.

A brief summary of other aspects of my inventions includes an internalcombustion engine emission reduction system comprising a first catalystelement configured for reducing catalytic reactions, a second catalystelement configured for oxidizing or redox catalytic reactions, andconfigured to direct a portion of exhaust that has been reacted by thefirst or first and second catalyst elements back through the firstcatalyst element.

A brief summary of other aspects of my inventions includes an internalcombustion engine emission reduction system comprising a body having aprimary emission inlet and an emission outlet; a first catalyst elementhaving a first catalytic function and disposed within the body betweenthe emission inlet and the emission outlet such that all of theemissions flowing into the inlet flow through the first catalystelement; a second catalyst element disposed within the body and disposedto surround an outer surface of the first catalyst element, and having asecond catalytic function that is different from the first catalyticfunction; a wall disposed between an outer surface of the first catalystelement and an inner surface of the second catalyst element, andconfigured to transfer heat from the first catalyst element to thesecond catalyst element and configured to prevent emissions flowing inthe first catalyst element from leaking into the second catalystelement; a diverter disposed within the body between the emission outletand a downstream end of the first catalyst element, and configured todivert less than all of the emissions flowing out of the first catalystelement to flow in a countercurrent direction through the secondcatalyst element; and a secondary emissions inlet disposed within thebody and associated with the primary emission inlet and an upstream endof the first catalyst element, and configured to allow emissions flowingthrough the second catalyst element to flow into the first catalystelement with emissions from the primary emissions inlet. The secondaryemissions inlet may comprise a plurality of openings shrouded withrespect to emissions flowing in the primary emission inlet. Theplurality of shrouded openings may be formed in the primary emissionsinlet. The plurality of shrouded openings may be formed in an inlettransition disposed between the primary emissions inlet and the firstcatalyst element. The plurality of shrouded openings may be formed at acommon radial distance from an inlet centerline. The plurality ofshrouded openings may be formed at a plurality of radial distances froman inlet centerline. The secondary emissions inlet may comprise at leastone channel formed in an inlet transition and located within the bodysuch that the at least one channel is shrouded by an end of the primaryemission inlet with respect to emissions flowing through the primaryemission inlet. The secondary emissions inlet may comprise a pluralityof channels formed at a common radial distance from an inlet centerline.The secondary emissions inlet may comprise a plurality of channelsformed at a plurality of radial distances from an inlet centerline. Thefirst catalyst element may be configured for oxidation reactions, andthe second catalyst element may be configured for reduction reactions.The first catalyst element may be configured for reduction reactions,and the second catalyst element may be configured for oxidationreactions.

A brief summary of other aspects of my inventions includes a method ofreducing undesirable emissions from internal combustion engine exhaustcomprising flowing engine exhaust through a first catalyst element tocause a desired first chemical reaction in the engine exhaust; divertingat least a portion of the engine exhaust that has passed through thefirst catalyst element; flowing the diverted portion of engine exhaustthrough a second catalyst element to cause a desired second chemicalreaction in the diverted engine exhaust; and mixing the diverted engineexhaust that has passed through the second catalyst element with engineexhaust entering the first catalyst element. Diverting at least aportion of the engine exhaust may comprise diverting between about 10%and about 30% of the engine exhaust that has passed through the firstcatalyst element.

A brief summary of other aspects of my inventions includes an emissionreduction system for an internal combustion engine comprising a bodyhaving a primary emission inlet and an emission outlet; a first catalystelement having a first catalytic function and disposed within the bodybetween the emission inlet and the emission outlet such that at least aportion of the emissions flowing into the emission inlet flow throughthe first catalyst element; a second catalyst element disposed withinthe body and surrounding an outer surface of the first catalyst element,and having a second catalytic function that is different from the firstcatalytic function; a recycle flow path disposed within the body andconfigured to divert all of the emissions flowing out of the secondsubstrate into a recycle flow path; and a secondary emissions inletdisposed within the body and associated with the primary emission inletand an end of the first catalyst element, and configured to permitemissions flowing in the recycle pathway to mix with emissions exitingthe primary emissions inlet. The secondary emissions inlet may comprisea plurality of openings shrouded with respect to emissions flowing inthe primary emission inlet. The plurality of shrouded openings may beformed in the primary emissions inlet. The plurality of shroudedopenings may be formed in an inlet transition disposed between theprimary emissions inlet and the first catalyst element. The plurality ofshrouded openings may be formed at a common radial distance from aninlet centerline. The plurality of shrouded openings may be formed at aplurality of radial distances from an inlet centerline. The secondaryemissions inlet comprises at least one channel formed in an inlettransition and located with the body such that the at least one channelis shrouded by an end of the primary emission inlet with respect toemissions flowing through the primary emission inlet. The inlettransition may comprise a plurality of channels formed at a commonradial distance from an inlet centerline. The inlet transition may aplurality of channels formed at a plurality of radial distances from aninlet centerline. The first catalyst element may be configured foroxidation reactions, and the second catalyst element is configured forreduction reactions. The first catalyst element may be configured forreduction reactions, and the second catalyst element may be configuredfor oxidation reactions.

A brief summary of other aspects of my inventions includes a method ofreducing undesirable components in internal combustion engine exhaustcomprising flowing a first portion of engine exhaust through a firstcatalyst element to cause a desired first chemical reaction in the firstportion of the engine exhaust; flowing a second portion of engineexhaust through a secondary catalyst reaction chamber to cause a desiredsecond chemical reaction in the second portion of engine exhaust;redirecting the second portion of engine exhaust that has passed throughthe secondary catalyst element to an inlet for the first catalystelement; and mixing the redirected second portion of engine exhaust withengine exhaust entering the first catalyst element. Redirecting thesecond portion of the engine exhaust may comprise redirecting betweenabout 10% and about 30% of the engine exhaust that has passes throughthe first and second catalyst elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures form part of the present specification and areincluded to demonstrate further certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these figures in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment of a catalytic reaction chamberaccording to aspects of the inventions disclosed herein.

FIG. 1B illustrates another embodiment of a catalytic reaction chamberaccording to aspects of the inventions disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a catalytic reaction chamberaccording to aspects of the inventions disclosed herein.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an embodiment of a flow mixer useful withcatalytic reaction chambers according to aspects of the inventionsdisclosed herein.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate inlet components useful with catalyticreaction chambers according to aspects of the inventions disclosedherein.

FIG. 5 illustrates another inlet component useful with catalyticreaction chambers according to aspects of the inventions disclosedherein.

FIG. 6 illustrates an outlet component useful with catalytic reactionchambers according to aspects of the inventions disclosed herein.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrates catalytic reaction chambers with embeddedheating elements.

FIG. 8 illustrates a catalytic reaction chamber having a fluid flow pathon the outer periphery of the chamber.

While the inventions disclosed herein are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, only a few specific embodimentshave been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described indetail below. The figures and detailed descriptions of these specificembodiments are not intended to limit the breadth or scope of theinventive concepts or the appended claims in any manner. Rather, thefigures and detailed written descriptions are provided to illustrate theinventive concepts to a person of ordinary skill in the art and toenable such person to make and use the inventive concepts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The Figures attached hereto and described above, and the writtendescription of the figures, specific structures and functions below arenot presented to limit the scope of what I have invented or the scope ofthe appended claims. Rather, the figures and written description areprovided to teach any person skilled in the art to make and use theinventions for which patent protection is sought. Those skilled in theart will appreciate that not all features of a commercial embodiment ofthe inventions are described or shown for the sake of clarity andunderstanding. Persons of skill in this art will also appreciate thatthe development of an actual commercial embodiment incorporating aspectsof the present inventions will require numerous implementation-specificdecisions to achieve the developer's goal for the commercial embodiment.Such implementation-specific decisions may include, and likely are notlimited to, compliance with system-related, business-related,government-related, and other constraints, which may vary by specificimplementation, location and from time to time. While a developer'sefforts might be complex and time-consuming in an absolute sense, suchefforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for those of skillin this art having benefit of this disclosure. It must be understoodthat the inventions disclosed and taught herein are susceptible tonumerous and various modifications and alternative forms. For example,the use of a singular term, such as, but not limited to, “a,” is notintended as limiting of the number of items. Also, the use of relationalterms, such as, but not limited to, “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right,”“upper,” “lower,” “down,” “up,” “side,” and the like are used in thewritten description for clarity in specific reference to the figures andare not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the appendedclaims.

Aspects of the inventions disclosed herein may be embodied as anapparatus, system, or method. Accordingly, specific embodiments may takethe form of an entirely hardware embodiment, or an embodiment combiningsoftware and hardware aspects, such as a “circuit,” “module” or“system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the present inventions may takethe form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computerreadable storage media having computer readable program code.

Reference throughout this disclosure to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one of the many possible embodiments of thepresent inventions. The terms “including,” “comprising,” “having,” andvariations thereof mean “including but not limited to” unless expresslyspecified otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not imply thatany or all of the items are mutually exclusive and/or mutuallyinclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,”and “the” also refer to “one or more” unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics ofone embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreother embodiments. Those of skill in the art having the benefit of thisdisclosure will understand that the inventions may be practiced withoutone or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components,materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures,materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoidobscuring aspects of the disclosure.

The description of elements in each figure may refer to elements ofproceeding figures. Like numbers refer to like elements in all figures,including alternate embodiments of like elements. In some possibleembodiments, the functions/actions/structures noted in the figures mayoccur out of the order noted in the block diagrams and/or operationalillustrations. For example, two operations shown as occurring insuccession, in fact, may be executed substantially concurrently or theoperations may be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality/acts/structure involved.

In general terms, I have invented catalytic reaction chambers useful inreducing unwanted combustion gas products, such as carbon monoxide andnitrogen oxides, volatile organic hydrocarbons (VHOC) and/orparticulates from internal combustion engine exhaust. Catalytic reactionchambers also may be referred to in the art as catalytic converters,two-way oxidizing converters, three-way redox converters, four-wayoxygen injection converters, and/or diesel oxidation converters.Although these reaction chambers are primarily used in exhaust systemsfor automobiles, they also are used on trucks, buses, forklifts, miningequipment, generator sets, locomotives, motorcycles, airplanes and othervehicles and equipment having internal combustion engines, and on somewood stoves. Reaction chambers incorporating my inventions may comprisefirst and second catalytic beds, matrices, or monoliths.

For purposes of this disclosure I will use the general term “catalystelement” to refer to a flow-through substrate, such as a core, bed,matrix, or monolith to which catalytic activity has been added. As isknown, the flow through substrate may be a ceramic monolith or a ceramichoneycomb structure. The substrate also may be formed from a metallicfoil, which is typically made from iron, chromium, aluminum, stainlesssteel or combinations thereof. Regardless of the type or form ofsubstrate, substrates are designed to provide a flow through structurewith large surface area to which the catalytic activity may be applied.The catalytic activity may be applied to the substrate as a washcoat,which is basically a water-based carrier for the catalytic material thatis then dried and calcined. The washcoat may comprise oxides, such astitanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or combinations ofoxides, to provide a rough, irregular surface to increase the surfacearea for the catalytic material. The catalytic material may be presentin the washcoat or may be separately impregnated in or applied to thewashcoat. During calcination, the catalyst materials decompose to thefinal material, usually a metal or a metal oxide, having the catalyticactivity.

A first or primary catalyst element may comprise oxidation, reduction,or reduction/oxidation (redox) catalyst material or materials, includingone or more of platinum, palladium, rhodium, cerium, iron, manganese,nickel or copper configured to oxidize carbon monoxide to carbondioxide, oxidize unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water,and/or reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. The second catalyst elementalso may comprise oxidation, reduction, or reduction/oxidation (redox)catalyst material or materials, including one or more of platinum,palladium, rhodium, cerium, iron, manganese, nickel or copper configuredto oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, oxidize unburnthydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, and/or reduce nitrogen oxidesto nitrogen. Preferably, the second catalyst element comprises areduction catalyst material, such as cerium or rhodium, or a NO_(x)adsorber, such as zeolite, to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, orcapture nitrogen oxides. By physically separating the second catalystelement from the first catalyst element, the effectiveness of eachcatalyst element may be maximized and/or parasitic effects of thecatalyst materials may be mitigated. For example, it is known thatcerium may reduce the effectiveness of a platinum-bearing catalystelement. Additionally, the catalytic activity of the second catalystelement may be selected to eliminate the need for urea injection indiesel applications. It is presently preferred, but not required, thatthe first catalyst element be configured as a three-way redox catalyst,and the second catalyst be configured as a reduction catalyst.Alternately, the first catalyst element may be configured as a reductioncatalyst, and the second catalyst element configured as a redoxcatalyst.

In some embodiments, the primary catalyst element is housed within ametal casing or body and the secondary catalyst element may form anannular ring around the primary catalyst element on the outside of themetal casing. Uncatalyzed or unreacted combustion gases (i.e.,combustion gases upstream of the catalyst elements) flow effectivelysimultaneously through both the primary and secondary catalyst elements.Reacted exhaust gases (i.e., combustions gases that have passed througha catalyst element) exiting the secondary catalyst element are divertedor directed back to the reaction chamber inlet and injected, entrained,or mixed with incoming unreacted combustion gases. The amount ofdiverted or redirected reacted gases may range between about 2% to about45%, by volume, and preferably between about 10% and about 30% of thetotal volume of exhaust gases flowing through the reaction chamber.

In other embodiments, the primary catalyst element may be housed withina metal casing or body and the secondary catalyst element may form anannular ring around the outside of the metal casing. The reactionchambers are configured such that unreacted combustion gases flow firstthrough the primary catalyst element. A portion of the exhaust gasesreacted by the primary catalyst element are diverted or redirected,after exiting the primary catalyst element, to pass through thesecondary catalyst element and then to the primary catalyst elementreaction chamber inlet and. Gases reacted by the secondary catalyst arethen injected, entrained, or mixed with incoming unreacted combustiongases. The amount of diverted or redirected reacted gases may rangebetween about 2% to about 45%, by volume, and preferably between about10% and about 30%.

While it is contemplated that many embodiments will utilize cylindricalor substantially cylindrical first catalyst elements, and secondcatalyst elements comprising an elongated toroid, it will be appreciatedthat catalyst shapes other than cylinders and elongated toroids may beused. For example, but not limitation, the first catalyst element mayhave an oval or elliptical cross-section (e.g., an elliptical cylinder),and the second catalyst element may have a corresponding elongatedtoroidal shape.

In other embodiments, a flow mixer may be placed in the reaction chamberinlet to mix the recycled reacted gases from the secondary catalystelement more effectively with the unreacted combustion gases.

In other embodiments, a heating element, including but not limited to atungsten heating element, may be placed within the primary catalystelement and may be configured to raise the temperature of the primarycatalyst element to optimum operation temperature, for example, totemperatures of between about 700° F. to about 900° F. or higher. Theheating element may be powered by AC or DC power generated by theinternal combustion engine or stored in a battery. The metal casingbetween the primary and secondary catalyst may be configured to transferheat from the primary catalyst to secondary catalyst. For thoseapplications, such as diesel engines, where the combustion temperature(i.e., the temperature of the engine exhaust in the catalyst elements)is insufficient to create a “clean” burn with low particulate matter,the heating element may be activated to reduce emissions. For example, acatalytic reaction chamber utilizing aspects of the inventions disclosedherein may eliminate the need for diesel particulate filters.

In other embodiments, the reaction chamber is surrounded by one or morefluid conduits or channels that is configured to transfer heat from thereaction chamber to one or more fluids flowing through the conduits orchannels. For example, aircraft flying at high altitudes or vehicles andequipment operating in cold climates may benefit from preheating fuel inthe fluid conduit associated with the reaction chamber. In addition,passenger compartment heat may be supplied by a heater fluid circulatedthrough the fluid conduit. It will be appreciated that other fluidsassociated with vehicles or equipment having internal combustion enginesmay utilize the fluid conduit associated with the reaction chamber toheat, including preheat, one or more of the fluids.

Turning now to more detailed descriptions of several embodiments, FIG.1A illustrates a reaction chamber 100 comprising a first catalystelement 102 and a second catalyst element 104. In this embodiment, thefirst catalyst element 102 may be housed in a first housing 106, whichmay also comprise the reaction chamber outlet 108. It is preferred thatthe first housing 106 or first housing/outlet combination comprise ametal alloy material, such as alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum,titanium, or the like, suitable to withstand the operating conditionsand to facilitate heat transfer out of the first catalyst element 102and yet prevent combustion gas from leaking out of the first catalystelement 102. In some embodiments, the first housing 106/outlet 108 maycomprise a cylindrical length of metal pipe into which the firstcatalyst element 102 may be securely deployed, as illustrated in FIG.1A.

The second catalyst element 104 preferably is cylindrically shaped anddisposed about the outer surface of the first housing 106 asillustrated. A second housing 110 is disposed about the outer surface ofthe second catalyst element 104 and is configured to allow combustiongas 122 to flow through the second catalyst element 104 without leakinginto the first catalyst element 102. It is preferred that the secondhousing 110 comprise a metal alloy material, such as alloy steel,stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or the like. In most embodimentsthe second housing 110 will be made from the same material as the firsthousing 106. The second housing 110 also may comprise a cylindricallength of metal pipe into which the second catalyst element 104 may besecurely deployed as illustrated in FIG. 1A.

The reaction chamber 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A also comprises an inlet112 configured to communicate combustion gases to the first and secondcatalyst elements 102, 104. In FIG. 1A, the diameter of the catalystelements 102, 104 is larger than the diameter of the inlet 112. In thiscircumstance, the reaction chamber 100 may comprise an inlet transition114 that joins, such as by welding, fastening, crimping or other joiningmethods, the outer housing 110 to the inlet 112 so that the combustiongas entering the reaction chamber 100 flow through the first and secondcatalyst elements 102, 104. In those circumstances where the diameter ofthe catalyst elements matches the diameter of the inlet, an inlettransition may not be needed.

An outer shell 116 forms the outer surface of the reaction chamber 100and defines a plenum 118 through which gases reacted by the secondcatalyst element 104 may flow. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the outershell 116 is joined or sealed to the outlet 108 and to the inlet 112. Itis preferred that the outer shell 116 comprise a metal alloy material,such as alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or the like.In some embodiments the outer shell will be made from the same materialas the first housing 106 and second housing 110. In other embodiments,the outer shell may be formed from a dissimilar material.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A further comprises one or moresecondary inlets 120 configured to allow the plenum 118 to fluidlycommunicate with the inlet 112 region through which unreacted combustiongas 122 may flow. It is preferred that the secondary inlet(s) 120 beshielded or shrouded with respect to the upstream flow of combustiongases to aid or benefit the flow of reacted combustion gases 124 backinto the inlet 112 region. For example, secondary inlet(s) 120 may beformed in the inlet 112 by mechanically punching or drawing an opening126. The material that is drawn or punched may form a shield 128shrouding all or part of the opening 126 from the upstream flow 122 asillustrated in FIG. 1A. Combustion gases 122 flowing over and past theshielded secondary inlet(s) 120 preferably create a region of lowerpressure at the opening(s) 126 to facilitate the flow reacted combustiongases 124 into the inlet 112 region.

As will now be appreciated for the embodiment of FIG. 1A, the reactionchamber 100 may be placed in an exhaust system (not shown) so thatcombustion gases 122 flow into inlet 112 and then through the first andsecond catalyst elements 102, 104. The portion of combustion gases 122that flow through and react with the first catalyst element 102 exit thereaction chamber 100 through outlet 108. The portion of combustion gases122 that flow through and react with the second catalyst element 104 aredirected into the plenum 118 and flow in a direction opposite to thecombustion gases 122 and back to the inlet 112 region. These reactedgases 124 are drawn or forced into the inlet 112 region and mix withincoming unreacted combustion gases 122. This combined mixture ofunreacted combustion gases 122 and reacted gases 124 flows again throughboth the first and second catalyst elements 102, 104.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, the volumetric split of combustion gasesbetween the first and second catalyst elements 102, 104 is determinedmostly, if not exclusively, by the inlet area (e.g., cross-sectionalarea) of the catalyst elements. For example, if the first catalystelement 102 is effectively cylindrical in shape and has a diameter of 3inches, and if the second catalyst element 104 also is effectively ahollow cylinder (elongated toroid) in shape with an annular thickness of¼ inch, about 70% of the combustion gases will flow through the firstcatalyst element and the remaining about 30% will flow through thesecond catalyst 104. In other words, such an embodiment would have arecycle factor of about 0.3. It is preferred that the recycle factorrange between about 0.02 and about 0.45, and most preferably betweenabout 0.10 and 0.30.

In FIG. 1A, the first catalyst element 102 may comprise an oxidation ora reduction/oxidation (redox) catalyst, including one or more ofplatinum, palladium, rhodium, cerium, iron, manganese, nickel or copperconfigured to oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, oxidize unburnthydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, and/or reduce nitrogen oxidesto nitrogen. The second catalyst element 104 may comprise a reductioncatalyst or NO_(x) adsorber, such as zeolite, to reduce nitrogen oxidesto nitrogen.

Alternately, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, the first catalyst element 102may be configured to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, and the secondcatalyst element 104 may be the primary catalyst and be configured foroxidation and/or redox reactions. It will be appreciated that in thisembodiment, the first catalytic element 102 may have a size smaller thanthe inlet 112 or outlet 108. In such circumstance, an outlet transition152 may comprise a diverging nozzle to fluidly couple with outlet 108.For such embodiments, the recycle ratio through the second catalystelement 104 may be between about 0.98 to about 0.55, and preferablybetween about 0.90 and about 0.70. To prevent excessive or undesirableback pressure on the internal combustion engine, the outlet transition152 or the outlet 108 may comprise one or more pressure relief valves154 configured to relieve pressure in the recycle conduit 118. Apressure relief valve 154 may comprise a flow opening 156 having apredetermined size based on a desired flow volume, or flow rate. Apressure relief valve 154 also may comprise a shroud or shield 158configured to shield the valve from upstream gas flow.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a reaction chamber 200 usingaspects of the present inventions. A reaction chamber 200 may comprise afirst catalyst element 202 and a second catalyst element 204. In thisembodiment, the first catalyst element 202 may be housed in a firsthousing 206. It is preferred that the first housing 206 comprise a metalalloy material, such as alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum,titanium, or the like, capable of withstanding the operating conditionsand facilitating heat transfer out of the first catalyst element 202 andyet prevent combustion gas from leaking out of the first catalystelement 202. In some embodiments, the first housing 206 may comprise acylindrical length of metal pipe into which the first catalyst element202 may be securely deployed, as illustrated in FIG. 1 .

The second catalyst element 204 preferably is disposed about the outersurface of the first housing 206 as illustrated. A second housing 210 isdisposed about the outer surface of the second catalyst element 204. Itis preferred that the second housing 210 comprise a metal alloymaterial, such as alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, orthe like. In most embodiments the second housing 210 will be made fromthe same material as the first housing 206. The second housing 210 alsomay comprise a cylindrical length of metal pipe into which the secondcatalyst element 204 may be securely deployed as illustrated in FIG. 2 .

The reaction chamber 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 also comprises an inlet212 configured to communicate combustion gases 222 to the first catalystelement 202, and an outlet 208 from which combustion gases exit thereaction chamber 200. The second housing 210 is joined or sealed to boththe inlet 212 and outlet 208. In FIG. 2 , the diameter of the firstcatalyst element 202 is larger than the diameter of the inlet 212 or theoutlet 208. In this circumstance, the reaction chamber 200 may comprisefirst and second housing transitions 230, 232 that join, such as bywelding, fastening, crimping or other joining methods, the outer housing210 to the inlet 212 and outlet 208. In those circumstances where thediameter of the catalyst element 202 matches the diameter of the inlet,housing transitions may not be needed.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 further comprises an outlettransition 234 preferably in the form of a truncated cone, one end ofwhich is coupled or joined to the outlet 208. The other end of theoutlet transition 234 comprises one or more flow diverting elements 238configured and placed to divert or redirect a portion of the combustiongases exiting the first catalyst element 202 to flow through the secondcatalyst element 204 in a flow direction opposite to the flow directionof the combustion gases through the first catalyst element 202.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 further comprises an inlettransition 240 preferably in the form of a truncated cone, one end ofwhich is coupled or joined to the first housing 206. The other end ofthe inlet transition 240 comprises one or more flow outlets 242configured and placed to allow combustion gases passing through thesecond catalyst element 204 to be drawn into or flow into the combustiongases 222 flowing into the first catalyst element 202. As illustrated inFIG. 2 , it is preferred that the flow outlet(s) 242 are shadowed orshielded by the end 244 of the inlet 212. Placement of the flowoutlet(s) 242 in this manner creates a zone of lower pressure that aidsor facilitates the flow of gases from the second catalyst element backinto the first catalyst element.

As will now be appreciated for the embodiment of FIG. 2 , the reactionchamber 200 may be placed in an exhaust system (not shown) so thatcombustion gases 222 flow into inlet 212 and then through and react withthe first catalyst element 202. A portion of these reacted combustiongases 246 are diverted or redirected to flow through and react with thesecond catalyst element 204 in a direction opposite to the combustiongases 222 and back to the inlet 212 region. These reacted gases 248 aredrawn or forced into the inlet 212 region and mix with incomingcombustion gases 222. This combined mixture of combustion gases 222 andreacted gases 248 flow again through the first catalyst element 202 forcatalytic reaction.

Similarly to the embodiments of FIGS. 1A and 1B, in the embodiment ofFIG. 2 the volumetric split of combustion gases between the first andsecond catalyst elements 202, 204 is determined mostly by the capturearea of the diverter(s) 238. It is preferred that the diverter(s) 238divert or redirect between about 2% and about 45% of the gases that passthrough the first catalyst element 202, and most preferably betweenabout 10% and about 30%.

The first catalyst element may comprise an oxidation, a reduction, or areduction/oxidation (redox) catalyst, including one or more of platinum,palladium, rhodium, cerium, iron, manganese, nickel or copper configuredto oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, oxidize unburnthydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, and/or reduce nitrogen oxidesto nitrogen. The second catalyst element may comprise a reductioncatalyst or NO_(x) adsorber, such as zeolite, to reduce nitrogen oxidesto nitrogen, or capture nitrogen. Alternately, the first catalystelement may be configured to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, and thesecond catalyst element may be the primary catalyst and be configuredfor oxidation and/or redox reactions. For such embodiments, the recycleratio through the second catalyst element may be between about 0.98 toabout 0.55, and preferably between about 0.90 and about 0.70.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an optional flow mixer 300 comprising aplurality of vanes 302 configured to induce swirl or rotation into afluid passing there through. It is preferred that the flow mixer 300 beconfigured with vanes 302 and open areas 306 so as not to create orincrease back pressure or decrease the flow velocity of the combustiongases. The flow mixer 300 may comprise a separate structure that may beinserted into the reaction chamber or may be fabricated within theexisting structures of the reaction chamber. If used, the flow mixer 300preferably should be placed in a location with the reaction chamber sothat it mixes unreacted combustion gases and recycled or redirectedgases that were reacted by the second catalyst element. It will beappreciated that a flow mixer, such as that illustrated in FIGS. 3A and3B, may be used with the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 , andother embodiments not specifically identified herein.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate embodiments of inlet transitions 402 and 404that may be used with embodiments of reaction chambers like thoseillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 . FIG. 4A illustrates a plurality of flowopenings 406 located a common radial distance, r, from a centerline ofthe inlet transition 402. Each flow opening 406 has an associated hoodor shield 408 useful in creating a lower pressure area adjacent the flowopening 406 to facilitate flow of gases through the opening 406. Whilethe embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4A has the flow openings 406 atcommon radial locations, it will be appreciated that the flow openingsmay be placed at varying radial locations from the centerline to controlwhere the exiting gases flow through the first catalyst element. FIG. 4Billustrates an inlet transition 404 similar to the inlet transition 402of FIG. 4A, however, the flow openings 410 are shielded or hooded on allsides except for the downstream opening 410.

FIG. 5 illustrates an inlet transition 500 that may be used withembodiments of reaction chambers like the embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 1A and 1B and 2 . FIG. 5 illustrates two flow opening channels 502and 504 located a common radial distance, r, from a centerline of theinlet transition 500 such that the inlet (e.g., 112, 212) can shield theopenings 502, 504 as described above. It will be appreciated that whiletwo flow opening channels are illustrated a plurality of flow openingsmay be employed at common varying radial distances.

It will be appreciated that the inlet 112 illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1Bmay be used with other embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein,including, but not limited to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 .Further the inlet transitions illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5 , maybe used with other embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein,including, but not limited to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 .

FIG. 6 illustrates an outlet transition 600 useful with embodiments ofreaction chambers similar to that shown in FIG. 2 . As described above,the outlet transition 600 may be a truncated cone having one or morediverter channels 602, 604 associated with an outer periphery of thetransition 600. It will be appreciated that the size, shape, andlocation of the diverter(s) 602 relative to the first catalyst elementwill determine the amount of combustion gas reacted by the firstcatalyst element that is diverted through the second catalyst element.

Having the benefit of this disclosure, those of skill in this art willappreciate that numerous embodiments of the inventions disclosed hereinmay be designed in which combustion gases are passed through a secondcatalyst element configured to cause a specific chemical reaction, suchas, but not limited to, a reduction reaction configured to reducenitrogen oxides to nitrogen, and then those reacted gases are passedback through the first catalyst element. These inventions increase theefficiency of emission reductions compared to conventional three-waycatalytic converters. When designed for use with diesel engines, theseinventions are useful to reduce or eliminate the need forammonia-bearing fluids.

Turning now to other aspects of the inventions disclosed herein, FIGS.7A and 7B illustrate a reaction chamber 700 comprising a heating element702 disposed at or adjacent a centerline of the first catalyst element704. The heating element 702 is preferably fabricated from a materialthat can withstand the temperatures of a reaction chamber operating atnormal conditions, for example from about 700° F. to about 900° F. Forexample, and not limitation, tungsten and tungsten alloy heatingelements may be used. To electrically connect the heating element 702 tosources of electricity, connection bungs 706 a,b and 708 a,b areprovided. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7A, the portion of theheating element 702 embedded in the first catalyst element is connectedto the connectors with heating element material. For example, theelement 702 and leads 710, 712 may be, but are not required to be,fabricated from the same material, such as tungsten. If the leads arerequired to pass through structural elements, such as an inlet or outlettransition, it is preferred that a seal 714 be employed to preventcombustion gases from escaping regions designed to contain them.Alternately, the leads 706, 708 may be extended into the inlet andoutlet regions 716, 718.

FIG. 7B illustrates a heating element 720 configured to traverse thefirst catalyst element 704 so that the connection bungs 722, 724 arelocated on end of the reaction chamber, such as the inlet. Alternately,the leads 726, 728 can be connected to a single connection bung 722.While FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrates embodiments of reaction chamberssimilar in design to that illustrated in FIG. 2 , it will be appreciatedthat the heating elements described herein may be utilized in anyembodiment incorporating aspects of the inventions disclosed herein,including, but not limited to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 .

Turning to another aspect of the inventions disclosed herein, FIG. 8illustrates a fluid heating jacket 802 surrounding an outside of thereaction chamber. The jacket 802 may be joined to the outside of thereaction chamber, such as by welding, to create a fluid volume, such asa conduit or channel. For example, the jacket may create a single volumeplenum having an inlet 804 and an outlet 806. Fluid, such as dieselfuel, water jacket fluid, passenger compartment fluid or other fluid mayenter the jacket 802 through inlet 804 and exit through exit 806. Heatgenerated by the reaction chamber may be transferred to the fluidflowing through the jacket 802. In alternate embodiments, a channelguide 808, such as round or square wire may be coupled between theoutside of the reaction chamber and the inside of the jacket 802 to formflow channels or conduits between the inlet 804 and outlet 806. AlthoughFIG. 8 illustrates a single flow channel 810 formed by flow guides 808,those of skill will appreciate that multiple flow channels or conduitscan be created with jacket 802 to heat multiple fluids, such as, but notlimited to combustion fuel and compartment heater fluid.

Having described my inventions generally and with reference to severalspecific embodiments, those of skill having benefit of this disclosurewill now understand that other and further embodiments utilizing one ormore aspects of the inventions described above can be devised withoutdeparting from the spirit of my inventions. Further, the various methodsand embodiments of the methods of manufacture and assembly of thesystem, as well as location specifications, can be included incombination with each other to produce variations of the disclosedmethods and embodiments. Discussion of singular elements can includeplural elements and vice-versa.

The order of steps can occur in a variety of sequences unless otherwisespecifically limited. The various steps described herein can be combinedwith other steps, interlineated with the stated steps, and/or split intomultiple steps. Similarly, elements have been described functionally andcan be embodied as separate components or can be combined intocomponents having multiple functions.

The inventions have been described in the context of preferred and otherembodiments and not every embodiment of the invention has beendescribed. Obvious modifications and alterations to the describedembodiments are available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thedisclosed and undisclosed embodiments are not intended to limit orrestrict the scope or applicability of the invention conceived of by me,but rather, in conformity with the patent laws, I intend to protectfully all such modifications and improvements that come within the scopeor range of equivalent of the following claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. An internal combustion engine emission reductionsystem, comprising a first catalyst having a first catalytic functionand disposed within a body between a primary emission inlet and aprimary emission outlet such that all of the emissions flowing into aprimary emission inlet flow through the first catalyst element; anelectric heating element disposed within the first catalyst forpreheating the first catalyst to at least a minimum temperature; asecond catalyst disposed within the body and about the first catalyst,and having a second catalytic function that is different from the firstcatalytic function; a wall disposed between the first catalyst and thesecond catalyst, wherein the wall transfers heat between the first andsecond catalysts and prevents emissions flowing in the first catalystfrom leaking into the second catalyst; a flow path within the body suchthat emissions flowing through the second catalyst flow into the firstcatalyst along with emissions from the primary emissions inlet; and. afluid path formed on an outer surface of the body for heating a fluidwith waste heat from the system.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein thesecondary emissions inlet comprises a plurality of openings shroudedwith respect to emissions flowing into the primary emission inlet. 23.The system of claim 22, wherein the plurality of shrouded openings areformed in the primary emissions inlet.
 24. The system of claim 22,wherein the plurality of shrouded openings are formed in an inlettransition disposed between the primary emissions inlet and the firstcatalyst.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the plurality of shroudedopenings are formed at a common radial distance from a primary emissionsinlet centerline.
 26. The system of claim 24, wherein the plurality ofshrouded openings are formed at a plurality of radial distances from aprimary emissions inlet centerline.
 27. The system of claim 21, whereinthe secondary emissions inlet comprises at least one channel formed inan inlet transition and located with the body such that the at least onechannel is shrouded by an end of the primary emission inlet with respectto emissions flowing into the primary emission inlet.
 28. The system ofclaim 27, wherein the outer surface fluid path heat fuel.
 29. The systemof claim 27, wherein the fuel is diesel.
 30. The system of claim 21,wherein the first catalyst is configured for oxidation reactions, andthe second catalyst is configured for reduction reactions.
 31. 12. Thesystem of claim 21, wherein the diverter redirects between about 15% andabout 45% of the emissions that have passed through the first catalyst.32. An emission reduction system for an internal combustion engine,comprising a first catalyst having a first catalytic function anddisposed within a body between a primary emission inlet and a primaryemission outlet; an electric heating element disposed within the firstcatalyst for preheating the first catalyst to at least a minimumtemperature; a second catalyst disposed within the body—about an outersurface of the first catalyst, the second catalyst having a secondcatalytic function that is different from the first catalytic function;the first and second catalysts arranged within the body such that aportion of the emissions entering the primary emission inlet passthrough the first catalyst in a first direction and another portion ofthe emissions entering the primary emission inlet pass through thesecond catalyst in the first direction; a recycle flow path disposedwithin the body and configured to divert all of the emissions flowingout of the second catalyst into the recycle flow path; a secondaryemissions inlet disposed within the body and associated with the primaryemission inlet, wherein emissions flowing into the first catalyst aremixed with emissions exiting the secondary emissions inlet; and. a fluidpath formed on an outer surface of the body for heating a fluid withwaste heat from the system.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein thesecondary emissions inlet comprises a plurality of openings shroudedwith respect to emissions entering the primary emission inlet.
 34. Thesystem of claim 33, wherein the plurality of shrouded openings areformed in the primary emissions inlet.
 35. The system of claim 33,wherein the plurality of shrouded openings are formed in an inlettransition disposed between the primary emissions inlet and the firstcatalyst.
 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the plurality of shroudedopenings are formed at a common radial distance from a primary emissionsinlet centerline.
 37. The system of claim 34, wherein the plurality ofshrouded openings are formed at a plurality of radial distances from aprimary emissions inlet centerline.
 38. The system of claim 32, whereinthe secondary emissions inlet comprises at least one channel formed inan inlet transition and located with the body such that the at least onechannel is shrouded by an end of the primary emission inlet with respectto emissions flowing into the primary emission inlet.
 39. The system ofclaim 32, wherein the outer surface fluid path heat fuel.
 40. The systemof claim 39, wherein the fuel is diesel.